Touching needle tips or allowing them to contact any surface before insertion transfers contaminants
For more information on B-vitamin safety, the Linus Pauling Institute at Oregon State University is a great resource
Furthermore, the absorption of dietary Vitamin B12 is a highly complex process that requires adequate stomach acid and a specialized protein called Intrinsic Factor, which is secreted by the parietal cells of the stomach
Rights and permissions Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made
[PubMed Citation] ClinicalTrials.gov