Collagen is what gives us structure, firmness, and a smooth appearance on the surface of the skin
Abbreviations AD: Alzheimers disease AMPK: adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase ATP: adenosine triphosphate BMI: body mass index cAMP: cyclic adenosine monophosphate DRG: dorsal root ganglion DPP-4: dipeptidyl peptidase 4 GFAP: glial fibrillary acidic protein GLP-1: glucagon-like peptide 1 GLP-1R: glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor GSK3: glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta Iba-1: ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 IBS: irritable bowel syndrome IIH: idiopathic intracranial hypertension IL-1: interleukin 1 IL-4: interleukin 4 IL-6: interleukin 6 IL-10: interleukin 10 LPS: lipopolysaccharide NF-B: nuclear factor-B NLRP3: NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 NMDA: N-methyl-D-aspartate PD: Parkinsons disease PI3K/Akt: phosphoinositide 3kinase/serine-threonine kinase PKA: protein kinase A SERT: serotonin reuptake transporter SM: shanzhiside methyl ester TNF-: tumor necrosis factor alpha TEN: teneligliptin TPH-1: tryptophan hydroxylase-1 References Gribble FM, Reimann F (2021) Metabolic messengers: glucagon-like peptide 1
Medically Reviewed by: Dr
Antioxidant-rich foods like berries, citrus fruits, and leafy greens provide vitamin C, which helps inhibit melanin production
doi: 10.3389/fmed.2025.1631053 Received 19 May 2025 Accepted 17 July 2025 Published 08 August 2025 Volume 12 - 2025 Edited by Ying-Yong Zhao, Northwest University, China Reviewed by Alessio Mazzieri, University of Perugia, Italy Lucas Fornari Laurindo, Medical School of Marilia, Brazil Wenhao Cheng, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, China Updates Copyright 2025 Zhang, Wang, Zhao, Qin, Cai, Wu, Li and Wang
