Open questions in the GHK-Cu field include the specific cellular targets responsible for the broad transcriptomic effects, the relationship between the copper-delivery role and the direct peptide-only effects (if any), the comparative biology of GHK-Cu and related copper-peptides in defined cellular contexts, and the translation of cell-culture and animal-model findings to clinical-research endpoints under controlled study conditions
Saliba SW, Vieira ELM, Santos RP de M, Candelario-Jalil E, Fiebich BL, Vieira LB, et al
GLP- 1/oestradiol conjugate was more effective than GLP- 1 alone and triggered the insulin signaling pathway in beta cells, which led to remission of DM and restoration of beta cell function [140]
She notes that the majority of people in the Natural Cycles survey who took a GLP-1 also made lifestyle changes that may have played a role in the benefits they reported
Examples of these therapies include interferons, glatiramer acetate, and monoclonal antibodies
