Previous studies indicate that while ATRA upregulates HIV mRNA transcription in infected human HL-60 cell lines, it does not increase viral replication due to blocked HIV mRNA translation and replication
But I suppose if the 2ml is coming from a different manufacturer from the 1ml it could have different additives
K., & Chopra, K
They involve injecting a solution containing various vitamins, such as vitamin C, vitamin B12, and others, into a muscle (intramuscular injection) or a vein (intravenous injection)
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), which encodes 13 essential subunits of the electron transport chain (ETC), is particularly susceptible to oxidative stress, resulting in replication errors, point mutations, and large-scale deletions ( ROS further promote the pathological opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP), leading to m collapse, matrix swelling, inner membrane rupture, and the release of pro-apoptotic factors such as cytochrome c