4.1 Exendin 4-based agents Exendin-4, a 39-amino acid peptide with 53% sequence homology to human GLP-1 [ Figure 2 ], was originally isolated from Heloderma suspectum lizard venom by using an amino acid sequencing assay targeting peptides with an amino-terminal histidine residue (His 1 ) (83)
persistent, severe abdominal pain) Hypersensitivity to DPP-4 inhibitors in the past Pregnancy/breastfeeding Some DPP-4 inhibitors are contraindicated at certain thresholds of renal impairment (see Table 2 ) Some DPP-4 inhibitors are contraindicated in hepatic impairment (see Table 3 ) Type 1 diabetes Diabetic ketoacidosis Cautions History of pancreatitis Moderate heart failure (saxagliptin only, due to limited experience) Severe heart failure (saxagliptin and vildagliptin, due to limited experience) Some DPP-4 inhibitors are cautioned at certain thresholds of renal impairment, and dose reductions may be required (see Table 2 ) Drug interactions No significant interactions have been reported between DPP-4 inhibitors and any other drugs
The main mechanism of SGLT-2i is to act on the SGLT2 receptor of the proximal tubule, inhibit the reuptake of Na + and glucose, increase the excretion of glucose in urine to reduce blood glucose, and subsequently increase natriuria
Another potent oral PARP1/2 inhibitor, niraparib (MK4827) binds to the active site of PARP enzymes, and studies indicate that Niraparib can restore NAD + levels and improve mitochondrial function 165,166
(4, 5.1) Recent Major Changes Warnings and Precautions, Pulmonary Aspiration During General Anesthesia or Deep Sedation (5.11) 11/2024 Indications and Usage for Bydureon BCise BYDUREON BCISE is a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist indicated as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control in adults and pediatric patients aged 10 years and older with type 2 diabetes mellitus
