In its discovery-to-proof-of-concept work, it activated both receptors in vitro , improved glucose-dependent insulin secretion and glucose tolerance in animals, and in early human studies lowered fasting glucose and body weight
Evidence for performance benefit in athletes is mixed
When used in combination, NAC and cisplatin may enhance the cytotoxic effects on cancer cells while simultaneously protecting normal cells by mitigating oxidative damage [516, 517], and the combination can also reduce side effects such as ototoxicity caused by cisplatin administration [518]
Kyowa is the maker of branded ingredients including Cognizin Citicoline, Pantesin Pantethine, Setria Glutathione, as well as Sustamine L-Alanyl-L-Glutamine
The peptide acts as a catalyst, not a substrate