It is vital to mitochondrial function and is necessary to produce DNA
Differential and overlapping effects of 20,23(OH)2D3 and 1,25(OH)2D3 on gene expression in human epidermal keratinocytes: identification of AhR as an alternative receptor for 20,23(OH)2D3
While most intracellular glutathione is in a reduced state (GSH) with approximately 1% as an oxidized form (GSSG), this proportion can decrease in response to a variety of cellular stressors, including heavy metals, high glucose concentrations, poor nutrition, heat shock, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, cigarette smoke, and other toxins including persistent organic pollutants
Unlike other NOX isoforms that require activation by cytosolic subunits, NOX4 is constitutively active and widely expressed in epithelial cells, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and macrophages
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