The most frequently reported side effects include nausea (which typically improves over the first few weeks), constipation, and reduced appetite
Marlatt KL, Lovre D, Beyl RA, et al
93,220 Furthermore, ZIP8 hypofunction may contribute to psychiatric risk by causing glutamate receptor hypofunction and heightened inflammation
Clinical studies have shown that it has several antiaging and cardio- and neuro-protective properties, and can also alleviate osteoarticular, urologic, and menopause-related discomfort.60 The extract has also been found to have a photoprotective, modulating effect on skin pigmentation.61 Several RCTs evaluating the use of French maritime pine bark extract have shown a significant reduction in signs of facial aging, such as wrinkles and solar lentigines,62,63 and increased levels of hyaluronan synthase and type I collagen.64 Another RCT (n=76) showed increased skin elasticity and hydration and decreased skin darkening in Asians working in highly polluted areas after treatment for 12 weeks.65 No relevant adverse effects were reported
Its best-known mechanism involves activating AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) the cells master energy regulator which enhances glucose utilization, fat oxidation, and overall metabolic balance
