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In the case of tirzepatide, it is known to cause thyroid C-cell tumors in rats, and it remains unknown if there is cancer risk in humans

Gut-brain axis: GLP-1 is a peptide hormone (a small protein molecule) that is released in the upper part of the intestinal tract when you eat carbohydrates or certain proteins

Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) have garnered recognition as potentially revolutionary therapeutic modalities for MASLD/MASH management, offering multifaceted benefits extending beyond glycemic regulation

Together, these incretins contribute significantly to insulin secretion following oral glucose intake, a phenomenon known as the incretin effect

Key hypothalamic centers, including the arcuate and paraventricular nuclei, exhibit high GLP-1 receptors expression, which coordinate peripheral metabolic cues to modulate feeding behavior and energy balance [34]