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No representations extend beyond controlled experimental settings, and no claims are made regarding biological outcomes, clinical relevance, or applicability outside structured investigational use

Microglia are the brain immune cells, and their activation state determines whether they contribute to damage or facilitate repair

Additionally, TFR1, acyl-CoA synthetase family member 2 (ACSF2), and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression were significantly upregulated, leading to increased ferroptosis in the optic nerves of locally demyelinated MS mice

5b) and flotillin-2 (Supplementary Fig

Unlike many short signaling peptides that rapidly degrade in biological systems, BPC-157 exhibits relatively high structural stability and resistance to proteolytic breakdown