First, exendin-4 activated GLP-1R/cAMP/PKA pathway and attenuated endoplasmic reticulum stress in order to inhibit bone marrow-derived MSC apoptosis mediated by oxygen, glucose, and serum deprivation (57)
The National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH) acknowledges that certain botanicals studied for glucose management - including berberine, cinnamon extract, and chromium - have published evidence behind them, while consistently noting that evidence quality varies and that most studies involve oral, not transdermal, administration
Acta Diabetol (2020) 57(11):131526
Commentary: lactate-induced glucose output is unchanged by metformin at a therapeutic concentration a mass spectrometry imaging study of the perfused rat liver
While overall skin health matters, laxity is a deeper issue