Jomova K et al
It is particularly notable for its antioxidant and carotenoid compounds such as -carotene, phycocyanin, zeaxanthin, cryptoxanthin, lutein, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) (Ma et al
Interestingly, serine is also critical for the metabolism of Tregs, and a serine-free diet can lead to reduced levels of Tregs in the TME, restraining melanoma growth in a mouse model [110]
In addition to its pro-differentiating actions, nicotinamide promotes neuronal survival, especially in oxidative stress environments, through various pathways, such as maintenance of protein kinase B (akt)-dependent phosphorylation of forkhead transcription factor (FOXO3a)
Probably the best known is its protection against oxidative stress produced by oxidizing free radicals and other reactive oxygen species, its support for the immune system, and its role in removing a variety of toxic substances from the body