Obesity, currently defined as a body mass index (BMI) of 30 kg/m 2 or greater, affects 800 million people worldwide [1]
Staying well-hydrated and starting with lower doses can help reduce the likelihood of this side effect
In the early stages of DKD, increased hyper-reabsorption and gluconeogenesis expose proximal tubular cells to hypoxia, resulting in mitochondrial dysfunction, increased oxidative stress and tubular injury ( Mitochondria is the primary organelle of in PTECs that is modulated to oxidative stress and hypoxic injury in the diabetic state ( Although there are a large number of in vitro and in vivo studies investigating the mechanism of hypoxia-induced renal tubular damage, due to the lack of non-invasive means, there are few clinical studies that have evaluated renal hypoxia in detail
Once medication has been ordered and dispensed for a given cycle, refunds are typically not available
Rodent studies at high doses showed delayed fetal skeletal development and increased fetal loss, though these animal models do not always predict human outcomes