Caspase-3, as a principal executioner caspase, cleaves multiple cellular substrates, resulting in hallmark apoptotic changes such as DNA fragmentation, chromatin condensation, and cellular shrinkage
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Signaling proteins directly or indirectly recruited to the phosphorylated docking site include the growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 (Grb2) adaptor, the non-receptor tyrosine kinase Src, Src homology 2 domain-containing (Shc) adaptor protein, the p85 subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K), phospholipase C (PLC), tyrosine phosphatase SHP2, Src homology 2-containing inositol 5-phosphatase 1 (SHIP2), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and the multisubstrate docking protein Grb2-associated binding protein (Gab1) [57]
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However, the effects of GIP on fatty acid metabolism, atherosclerosis, adipose tissue metabolic activity, and energy expenditure remain unclear [33]