Adverse outcomes among patients on MTX include hepatotoxicity, hematotoxicity, testiculopathy, and lung problems (Shea et al., 2013)
Elevated TMAO levels have been linked to a number of diseases, including cardiovascular and neurological disorders, renal disease, metabolic syndrome, obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2D), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), cancer, and severe COVID-19
Long-term culture of mesenchymal stem cells impairs ATM-dependent recognition of DNA breaks and increases genetic instability
Remarkably, NAD + depletion has been identified as a characteristic feature of MASLD in experimental animals [78, 79], indicating that this molecule could serve as a potential therapeutic target for protecting against hepatic steatosis and further advanced stages such as MASH
Various IV therapies may be helpful