10.1016/j.pmpp.2004.10.006 128 PrasathD.SurabyE
Immune effects are restorative, not overstimulating: It rebalances T-cell ratios, upregulates IL-2 in aged tissues, and improves neuroimmune integration, suggesting a targeted recalibration of immune tone rather than indiscriminate boosting. It restores circadian and hormonal rhythms: By stimulating melatonin synthesis, protecting pineal structure, and re-entraining clock genes, Epitalon may counter the widespread circadian drift of aging, with implications far beyond sleep, touching immunity, metabolism, and neuroprotection
The authors concluded that high-dose curcumin supplementation effectively reduces oxidative stress and inflammation in postmenopausal women [64]
Compound-Level Evidence GHK-Cu A 2018 review in the International Journal of Molecular Sciences synthesized gene-expression data showing GHK-Cu modulates over 4,000 human genes (Pickart and Margolina)
However many of these have off-target toxicity, low specificity, or are in early stages