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The study quantified cytokines, neurotransmitters, oxidative stress markers and detoxification enzymes using ELISA-based assays, revealing that VPA exposure disrupted glutathione balance, increased IL-6, CYP450 and glutamate, and reduced serotonin and IFN-, while curcumin partially restored these alterations ( Furthermore, Yang and Bhandari employed a PPA-induced rat model of autism, using male-only Sprague-Dawley rats that received intracerebroventricular infusions of 1M PPA

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Chronic illness and long-term toxin exposure may deplete stored glutathione as well as hinder its production

Third, research should broaden to include comparative studies examining the efficacy of acupuncture versus other non-pharmacological interventions