These include the following: IgG4-Related Variant, Juvenile Variant, Fibrous Variant, Hashitoxicosis Variant, and Painless (or silent) Thyroiditis
Liposomal delivery improves absorption compared to standard oral forms
Risk factors that should prompt consideration of B12 deficiency include advancing age (reduced stomach acid production), strict vegan or vegetarian diets, pernicious anaemia, gastrointestinal surgery (particularly gastric bypass or ileal resection), long-term use of certain medications (metformin, proton pump inhibitors, H2-receptor antagonists), nitrous oxide exposure (including recreational use), and conditions affecting the gut such as Crohn's disease or coeliac disease
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Clinicians often look at folate levels when considering the psychological wellbeing of patients, especially since these levels can impact the efficacy of antidepressants