Studies that pretreated mice or rats with HFD for some time and then treated them by adding sodium butyrate dietary supplementation showed significant decreases in body weight and fat mass (118, 128, 131)
GHK-Cu is a well-documented pro-angiogenic agent that upregulates VEGF and supports new vessel formation, a property central to its wound-healing reputation
This disrupts mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), leading to mitochondrial dysfunction, mitophagy dysregulation, neuroinflammation, and subsequent dopaminergic neuronal degeneration (Meng et al., 2025)
One side effect that has received a significant amount of attention is frequently referred to as Ozempic face, characterized by a hallowed look in the face (frequently with sunken eyes, increased wrinkles, and sagging skin around the jawline), which can be attributed to the loss of facial fat
However, in our previous experiments fluorescent model compounds were loaded or coupled as cargo molecules and therapeutic agents were not investigated yet to prove the concept