In addition, glutathione is also involved in many cellular metabolic activities (Semenova et al., 2022)
ATF4 is a key mediator of the integrated stress response and promotes autophagy through direct transcriptional activation of ATGs
they can communicate information, sense danger when the cell energy levels drop, and are even involved in sending the final "death" message (apoptosis) when a cell is damaged beyond repair and needs to die
Vitamin B12 metabolism in multiple sclerosis
Cell Culture and GSH Preparation K562, HepG2, Hela and L-02 cells were respectively cultured in RPMI 1640 (Hyclone, penicillin 100 U/mL, streptomycin 100 g/mL) adding 10% fetal bovine serum and maintained at 37 C in a humidified atmosphere including 5% CO 2 , in terms of the instructions of the American Type Culture Collection