Some preclinical comparative studies have suggested that GHK-Cu performs comparably to 5% minoxidil in stimulating hair follicle growth in organ culture, though through a different mechanism minoxidil opens potassium channels and increases blood flow, while GHK-Cu acts on growth factor signaling and matrix remodeling
It is a tripeptide molecule consisting of three amino acids cysteine, glycine, and glutamic acid
Wang W, Lin Z, Feng J, Liang Q, Zhao J, Zhang G, et al
NAD+ and Mitochondrial Function in Longevity Research NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is a coenzyme with a central role in mitochondrial energy metabolism and DNA repair signaling
Additional neurotrophic factors, including insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and nerve growth factor (NGF), exert complementary effects by regulating cellular metabolism, promoting anti-apoptotic pathways, and enhancing myelination [239, 240]