The effects of DPP-4 on bone health are underscored by its effects in generating proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-), contributing to inflammatory processes mediated by adipose tissue macrophages, which are implicated in conditions ranging from obesity to osteoporosis [21]
doi: 10.3390/molecules28124720 38 AsmaeyMA
Gaston B, Drazen JM, Loscalzo J, Stamler JS: The biology of nitrogen oxides in the airways
Chronic exposure to pollutants, heavy metals, and endocrine-disrupting chemicals, as well as lifestyle habits such as smoking, an ultra-processed diet, and chronic stress, leads to redox imbalance in both oocytes and the ovarian microenvironment
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