Defined by hyperandrogenism, ovulatory dysfunction, insulin resistance, and chronic low-grade inflammation, PCOS, a common endocrine disorder in reproductive aged women causes irregular periods, infertility, excess androgens which collectively contributes toward long-term risks for serious conditions like type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, sleep apnea, depression, endometrial cancer and other reproductive complications underscoring the need for a comprehensive, multifaceted management strategy ( Figure 1 )
Huang H, Chiu S, Ke H et al (2011) Antimelanogenic and antioxidant activities of Bifidobacterium infantis
Sodium - Harvard School of Public Health - The Nutrition Source
Studies have found that GLP-1R is widely distributed on pancreatic and other tissues and has multiple biological effects, such as reducing neuroinflammation, promoting nerve growth, improving heart function, suppressing appetite, delaying gastric emptying, regulating blood lipid metabolism, and reducing fat deposition
Research applications also explore its potential role in oxidative stress modulation and neuroprotective pathways under controlled laboratory conditions