This defined stoichiometry means each molecule delivers exactly one copper ion, allowing researchers to calculate precise copper concentrations in their experimental systems a critical consideration since copper is biologically active at nanomolar concentrations but cytotoxic at micromolar levels
1989 Aug;74(2):247-53 [PubMed] 17046490 Pizon AF, Lovecchio F
Beyond being a building block for proteins, cysteine has roles that include supporting the generation of antioxidants (for example, glutathione and persulfide species) 10 , metabolites (for example, H 2 S, CoA and hypotaurine) 11,12 and ironsulfur clusters for mitochondria 13
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Additionally, studies have shown that antioxidant enzymes GPX4 and SOD1, along with the transcription factor NRF2, are involved in intracellular GSH redox reactions [29, 30]